As a proponent of Christian legal opinion, which states that you are only responsible for your own deeds, I support the plea for clemency for General Meyer and pledge for a pardon." "Feelings of German nationalism, apparently, could triumph over concern for the violations of the sanctity of human life in war. [28] Galen was part of the five-member commission that prepared the papal encyclical. Peter Hoffmann; The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p.24, Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p. 60, Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Co; London; pp. In 1899 ontmoette hij paus Leo XIII in een privé-audiëntie. A commanding presence (6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) tall) — his rooms were furnished simply, he wore unpretentious clothing, and he spoke plainly — he did not like the theatre, secular music (except for military marches), or literature. [20] In 1933, when the Nazi school superintendent of Münster issued a decree that religious instruction be combined with discussion of the "demoralising power" of the "people of Israel", Galen refused, writing that such interference in the school curriculum was a breach of the Concordat and that he feared children would be confused as to their "obligation to act with charity to all men" and as to the historical mission of the people of Israel. The social fabric would be affected. 8 Stelen geben dem Mut-Weg zur Burg sein Gesicht. Clemens-August Graf von Galen wurde geboren im Jahr 1925, Sohn von Franz Joseph Graf von Galen und Antonie baroness of Weichs zur Wenne. [65], In his history of the German Resistance, Theodore S. Hamerow characterised the resistance approach of Galen as "trying to influence the Third Reich from within". The Nazis responded with an intensification of their campaign against the Catholic Church. Gräfin Auguste von Sternberg-Manderscheid, 31. [6], Following this, in September 1943, another condemnation was read at the order of von Galen and other bishops from all Catholic pulpits in the diocese of Münster and across the German Empire, denouncing the killing of "the innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped and mentally ill, the incurably infirm and fatally wounded, innocent hostages and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders, people of a foreign race or descent". He was appointed a Cardinal by Pope Pius XII in 1946. Throughout the Weimar years he remained on the right of German politics. De tekst van zijn homilie van 3 augustus van dat jaar in de Lambertikirche in Münster werd later door Britse vliegtuigen boven Duitsland afgeworpen. In 1897 begon hij aan verschillende opleidingen, waaronder literatuur, geschiedenis en filosofie. "[16] He believed the stab-in-the-back myth, which held that the German Army hadn't been defeated in battle but by being undermined by defeatist elements on the home front[17] and, as did most Germans, considered the Treaty of Versailles unjust. März 1878 in Dinklage; Priesterweihe: 28. Meyer served nine years in British and Canadian military prisons. [38] Hitler wanted to have Galen removed as a bishop, but Goebbels told him this would result in the loss of the loyalty of the population of Westphalia. As word of the programme spread, protest grew, until finally, Bishop Galen delivered his famous August 1941 sermons denouncing the programme as "murder". * 16.03.1878 in Dinklage. On 28 October, he was consecrated as bishop in Münster's cathedral by Cardinal Karl Joseph Schulte. [40], Hitler's order for the "Aktion T4" Euthanasia Programme was dated 1 September 1939, the day Germany invaded Poland. [77], After receiving the red hat, Galen went to see Madre Pascalina, the faithful servant of the Pope. Frederik Böckmann | 19.03.2021 In 1903 verliet von Galen Innsbruck om naar het seminarie in Münster te gaan, en hij werd tot priester gewijd op 28 mei 1904. Von Galen werd tot bisschop van Münster benoemd in 1933, hetzelfde jaar dat Adolf Hitler in Duitsland aan de macht kwam. Jezuïeten waren niet toegestaan in Münster op dat moment, als bewijs van de blijvende impact van de Kulturkampf, zodat Clemens en zijn familie de staat Pruisen moest verlaten om deze opvoeding te ontvangen. [46] The local Nazi Gauleiter was furious and demanded Galen's immediate arrest. Freiin Elisabeth Augusta von Hompesch-Bollheim (1763–1785) 6. † 22.03.1946 in Münster. Münster werd in 1938 de plek van brekend glas. Daarna ging hij naar het jezuïetencollege Stella Matutina in de Vorarlberg, Oostenrijk, waar enkel Latijn mocht worden gesproken. The tomb of the Supreme Pontiff Hadrian VI, well known for many centuries as the last non-Italian Pope, is located in the Church of Santa Maria dell'Anima, the national church of Germany in Rome. [36], In 1941, with the Wehrmacht still marching on Moscow, Galen, despite his long-time nationalist sympathies, denounced the lawlessness of the Gestapo, the confiscations of church properties, and the Nazi euthanasia programme. [66] Thus when Bishop Galen delivered his famous 1941 denunciations of Nazi euthanasia and the lawlessness of the Gestapo, he also said that the Church had never sought the "overthrow of the Reich government". Bishop of Münster (1933-1946 Cardinal) Photo . [64], While not as explicit and not as effective as the vocal German episcopate's 1941 protests, in September 1943, von Galen and his fellow bishops in Germany drafted another condemnation of Nazi racial persecution and ordered it to be read from all pulpits in the diocese of Münster and across the German Empire, therein denouncing the killing of "the innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped and mentally ill, the incurably infirm and fatally wounded, innocent hostages and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders, people of foreign race or descent". In an interview with Swiss media, Galen demanded punishment for Nazi criminals but humane treatment for the millions of German prisoners of war who had not committed any crimes and who were being denied contact with their relatives by the British. In 1941 hield hij drie preken tegen de nazi's, die op dat ogenblik al 100.000 gehandicapten om het leven hadden gebracht. Galen left Innsbruck in 1903 to enter the seminary in Münster and was ordained a priest on 28 May 1904 by Bishop Hermann Dingelstadt. Matthias. Door zijn verzet tegen de nazi's wordt hij ook wel De Leeuw van Münster genoemd. In 1894 keerde hij terug naar huis en ging naar een openbare school in Vechta, en in 1896 waren zowel Clemens als Franz geslaagd voor het examen dat hen toeliet tot de universiteit. A paper from the British Foreign Office called Galen "the most outstanding personality among the clergy in the British zone... Statuesque in appearance and uncompromising in discussion, this oak-bottomed old aristocrat... is a German nationalist through and through. Clemens August Graf von Galen (16. maaliskuuta 1878 Dinklage, Oldenburgin Münsterinmaa – 22. maaliskuuta 1946 Münster, Westfalen) oli toisen maailmansodan aikana Münsterin katolinen piispa Saksassa.Hän vastusti pelkäämättä sekä natsi-Saksan että liittoutuneiden miehitysjoukkojen mielivaltaisuuksia. In 1896 ging hij naar Zwitserland om te studeren aan de Katholieke Universiteit van Freiburg, die in 1886 was opgericht door de dominicanen, waar hij in aanraking kwam met de geschriften van Thomas van Aquino. Na de inname van het plat gebombardeerde Münster door de geallieerden, wilden Engelse en Amerikaanse journalisten allemaal interviews afnemen van de bisschop die de nationaalsocialistische staatsterreur getrotseerd had en zich publiekelijk tegen Hitler had uitgesproken. "[26], In June 1935 he delivered a sermon that connected the heresy of the Anabaptists to the "sins of the Jews". According to Robert Jay Lifton, "[t]his powerful, populist sermon was immediately reproduced and distributed throughout Germany — indeed, it was dropped among German troops by British Royal Air Force flyers. "These are people, our brothers and sisters; maybe their life is unproductive, but productivity is not a justification for killing." He concluded: "As a German, as a decent citizen, I demand Justice". Galen's sermon probably had a greater impact than any other one statement in consolidating anti-'euthanasia' sentiment. Joseph Goebbels and party pragmatists preferred to wait until the end of hostilities to avoid undermining German morale in a heavily Catholic area. Following his return from the wearisome travel to Vatican City, the new cardinal was celebrated enthusiastically in his native Westphalia and in his destroyed city of Münster, which still lay completely in ruins as a result of the air raids. Graf Franz Joseph von Sternberg-Manderscheid, 15. [19], Galen was named bishop by Pope Pius XI on 5 September 1933. Germany's capital contained districts of Protestant elites, a Catholic community composed of primarily working-class people and a Jewish community of both middle-class and poorer immigrants. "[26] Galen began by commending Stroop's mother for her devout Catholicism, then categorically refused to accept or praise Rosenberg's doctrines of euthanizing or forcibly sterilizing the disabled. Freiin Elisabeth Augusta von Hompesch-Bollheim, 29. [72] He forcefully condemned the expulsion of German civilians from former German provinces and territories in the east annexed by communist Poland and the Soviet Union. März 1878 in Dinklage geboren und verstarb am 22. He condemned the Nazi "worship of race" in a pastoral letter on 29 January 1934. Despite numerous British obstacles and denial of air travel, Galen arrived in Rome 5 February 1946. At a meeting in Münster of the Association of Catholic Academicians in June 1933, Galen spoke against those scholars who had criticised the Nazi government and called for "a just and objective evaluation of [Hitler's] new political movement". He intensely disliked the liberal values of the Weimar Republic and opposed individualism, socialism, and democracy. Pius replied that he was always aware that thousands of innocent persons would have been sent to certain death if he as pope had protested. Citing the recently agreed-upon Reichskonkordat assurance that the Church had the right to determine its own religious instruction, he successfully forced the National Socialists to permit continued Catholic instruction in Catholic schools. After the war, Münster rabbi Fritz Steinthal recorded Galen's support after Night of the broken glass, while expressing his firm conviction as rabbi that most Catholics in his city of Münster were horrified by the pogrom and in fact feared that they would be the next victims. The confiscation of religious institutions continued unabated. Kapelaan in Berlijn [9] In 1899 he met Pope Leo XIII in a private audience. Galen did not protest the antisemitic 1935 Nuremberg Laws, or the Kristallnacht pogrom of 1938. Hij was ook openlijk tegen de nazi's vanwege hun zogeheten euthanasiepolitiek (T-4-euthanasieprogramma), waarbij duizenden daklozen, geesteszieken en gehandicapten om het leven werden gebracht. Church leaders who opposed it – chiefly Bishop Galen and Theophil Wurm, the Lutheran Bishop of Württemberg – were able to rouse widespread public opposition. Personen. Den Anstoß zu dem Thema gaben 2015 die gleichnamigen Dinklager Schulen. It was a booming commercial and cultural metropolis at the time he arrived — its population increased from 900,000 in 1871 to slightly less than 4 million by 1920. Er wurde am 16. [3] After serving in Berlin parishes from 1906 to 1929, he became the pastor of Münster's St. Lamberti Church, where he was noted for his political conservatism before being appointed Bishop of Münster in 1933. [...] As for the first commandment, "Thou shalt not have strange gods before me," instead of the One, True, Eternal God, men have created at the dictates of their whim, their own gods to adore: Nature, the State, the Nation, or the Race. Name: Clemens Augustinus Joseph Emmanuel Pius Antonius Hubertus Marie Graf von Galen; Spitzname: Clau (von Clemens August). Clemens August Graf von Galen was beatified on 9 October 2005 outside St. Peter's Basilica by Pope Benedict XVI, the 47th anniversary of the death of Pope Pius (1958). If there were, Germany would look quite different! „August“ ist ebenfalls lateinisch und bedeutet „d… As parish priest, he encouraged his parishioners to serve their country willingly. [74], Unexpectedly, at Christmas 1945 it became known that Pope Pius XII would appoint three new German cardinals: Bishop Clemens August von Galen, Bishop Konrad von Preysing of Berlin, and Archbishop Josef Frings of Cologne. Johann Mathias Kaspar Friedrich Joseph von Ascheberg, 19. He feared the lower classes would embrace radicalism and anarchy. [61] Apart from official pronouncements on the subject by the Pope and by German church bodies, Galen himself denounced Nazi racism on multiple occasions,[62] and he was partly responsible for the German bishops' conference condemnation of racial persecution in the 1943 pastoral letter Dekalog-Hirtenbrief. Evans, Richard J. New York City: Penguin. De Duitse geestelijk leider Clemens August Graf von Galen werd in 1878 geboren in Dinklage (Münsterland). Tagungsbericht (Conference Notes): „Streitfall Galen“ – Anfragen, Kontroversen und Antworten, 10.03.2006 – 11.03.2006 Cloppenburg, in: H-Soz-Kult, 10.04.2006, . [38] The sermons protested against Nazi policies such as Gestapo terror, euthanasia, forced sterilization, and concentration camps. Hij beschuldigde de geallieerden (niet alleen Sovjet-Russen, maar ook Polen en Engelsen) vanwege de reeds begonnen systematische verdrijving van Duitse burgers uit Silezië, Oost-Pruisen, Danzig, alsook beschuldigde hij Pommeren ervan bewuste etnische zuivering na te streven. Graf Franz von Spee (1781–1859) 25. In 1941, von Galen delivered three sermons in which he denounced the arrest of Jesuits, the confiscation of church property, Nazi attacks on the Church, and in the third, fiercely condemned the state-approved mass killing in the involuntary euthanasia programme of persons with mental or physical defects (Aktion T4). He criticized the British dismissal of Germans from public service without investigation and trial. The cause for beatification was requested by his successor, Bishop Michael Keller of Münster and began under Pope Pius XII in 1956. De catastrofale voedselvoorziening in de westelijke bezettingszones weet hij aan de "Anglo-Amerikanen", die de Duitse bevolking door een hongersnood zouden willen breken. În anul 2005 a fost beatificat. Galen told the Pope, "Yes, Holy Father, but many of my very best priests died in concentration camps, because they distributed my sermons." Clemens Augustinus Emmanuel Joseph Pius Anthonius Hubertus Marie Graf von Galen (16 March 1878 – 22 March 1946), better known as Clemens August Graf von Galen, was a German count, Bishop of Münster, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He welcomed us politely but with reserve. Hierop volgde een strikt Gestapo-huisarrest dat tot het binnentrekken van het Engelse leger in april 1945 zou duren. [56] German historian Joachim Kuropka dismissed the latter allegation as part of "misjudgments" of this historian. [71] In the face of his resistance and broad popularity, they allowed him free speech without any censorship. Mal. Clemens August von Galen says to his former priests, by Mother Sigrid Eliora In the Vatican the popes see in their aryan heresy and charcoal no hope, as they cannot with Jesus Christ's truth and His return to Mary Magdalene and the reality of their holy matrimony and family in any incarnation cope, and neither can they in the see of the Anglican, by Mother Sigrid Eliora He denounced the Nazis for trying to introduce Germanic neo-paganism into his diocese. Bis 1929, als er zum Pfarrer der münsterschen Stadtkirche Sankt Lamberti ernannt wurde, wirkte von Galen als Kaplan, Kurat und Pfarrer in Berlin, das damals in Teilen seelsorgerisch vom Bistum Münster betreut wurde. [10] He chose as his motto "Nec laudibus nec timore", a phase from the liturgy used for a bishop's consecration when the consecrating bishop prays that the new bishop be overcome "neither by flattery nor by fear". De naam "von Galen" werd al lang in verband gebracht met de regio: de von Galens woond… [42], On 13 July 1941, Galen attacked the regime for its Gestapo tactics of terror, including disappearances without trial, the closure of Catholic institutions without any stated justifications, and the resultant fear imposed on all Germans. The Blessed Clemens August Graf von Galen (16 March 1878 – 22 March 1946) was a German count, Bishop of Münster, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. [52] Generalmajor Hans Oster, a devout Lutheran and a leading member of the German Resistance, once said of Galen:[53]. Clemens August van Beieren (Brussel, 17 augustus 1700 - Ehrenbreitstein, 6 februari 1761) was een zoon van Maximiliaan II Emanuel van Beieren en Theresia Sobieska van Polen. His only reported vice, which he refused to give up, was smoking his pipes. He spoke against Hitler's theory of the purity of German blood. [29] There were mass arrests of clergy and church publishing houses were expropriated, followed by widely spread abuse allegations and staged morality trials against members of religious orders and priests. Hij verhuisde echter snel naar Berlijn, waar hij werkte als pastoor in St. Matthias. During World War II, Galen led Catholic protest against Nazi euthanasia and denounced Gestapo lawlessness and the persecution of the Church in Germany. Galen was known as a fierce anti-Communist (he later supported the battle by the Axis powers on the Eastern Front against Joseph Stalin's regime in the Soviet Union[18]). Clemens August von Galen. 210–11. Heinz Mussinghoff, Rassenwahn in Münster, Der Judenpogrom 1938 und Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen, Regensberg Verlag, Münster, 1989, pp. [22][23], In 1934, Bishop Galen began to attack the racial ideology of the Nazi regime, partly poking fun at it, partly critiquing its ideological basis as presented by the Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg. [57] Kuropka, referring to Wilhelm Damberg's discovery which in his opinion had not received enough attention so far, pointed out that the diocesan leadership in Münster had instructed all its pastors in June 1938 to recommend a brochure against anti-Semitism titled “The Nathanael Question of Our Days” („Die Nathanaelfrage unserer Tage“) to all faithful to read. In August 1917 he visited the front lines in France and found the optimistic morale of the troops uplifting. Zoals von Galen nazimisdaden had aangevallen, zo viel hij nu ook de behandeling van Duitse burgers door de geallieerden (inclusief Sovjets en Polen) aan. Members of religious orders were still being deported or jailed. He was an outspoken critic of certain Nazi policies and helped draft Pope Pius XI's 1937 anti-Nazi encyclical Mit brennender Sorge (With Burning Concern). Von Galen was echter druk met het coördineren van hulp aan vluchtelingen en de herbouw van weeshuizen en kerken in het stadscentrum. [54], Despite Galen's opposition to National Socialism and its racial theories, he nonetheless believed Germany was the last bulwark against the spread of atheist Bolshevism. Following their first winter semester at Freiburg, Clemens and Franz visited Rome for three months. He died a few days after his return from Rome in the St. Franziskus Hospital of Münster due to an appendix infection diagnosed too late. There should be a handful of such people in all our churches, and at least two handfuls in the Wehrmacht. can destroy the other commandments as well. De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie. Parts of a sermon he gave in 1943 are said to have been used by the Nazis to aid in the enlistment of Dutch men to voluntarily join the Waffen SS against the Soviet Union. De Gezegende Clemens August Graf von Galen (16 maart 1878 - 22 maart 1946) was een Duitse graaf, bisschop van Münster, en kardinaal van de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk.Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, von Galen leidde katholieke protest tegen Nazi euthanasie en aan de kaak gesteld Gestapo wetteloosheid en de vervolging van de kerk.Hij werd benoemd tot kardinaal door paus Pius XII in 1946. The Blessed Clemens August Graf von Galen (March 16, 1878 – March 22, 1946) was a German count, Bishop of Münster, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He asked his listeners to be patient and to endure, and said that the German people were being destroyed not by the Allied bombing from the outside, but from negative forces within.[44]. [34] It targeted people with dementia, cognitive/mental disabilities, mental illness, epileptic, physical disabilities, children with Down's Syndrome and people with similar afflictions. The Gestapo, he argued, reduced even the most decent and loyal citizens to fear of ending up in a cellar prison or a concentration camp. [43], In a second sermon on 20 July 1941, Galen said that all written protests against the Nazi hostilities had proved to be useless. [21] Galen often protested against violations of the Concordat to Hitler directly. Von Galen studeerde van 1898 tot 1903 theologie in Innsbruck, waarna hij in Münster zijn studie afmaakte in een priesterseminaar. Clemens August von Galen behoorde tot een van de oudste adellijke families van Westfalen. Gräfin Josepha Christina Amalie Schaffgotsch genannt Semperfrei von und zu Kynast und Greiffenstein, 30. "[35], The sermons inspired various people in the German Resistance. "[25], In retaliation, two senior SS officers visited Galen to pressure him into endorsing Rosenberg's doctrines publicly, threatening the confiscation of Church property and an anti-Catholic propaganda campaign. "[73], When SS-General Kurt Meyer, accused of complicity in the shooting of eighteen Canadian prisoners of war, was sentenced to death, Galen pleaded for his life to be spared: "According to what has been reported to me, General Kurt Meyer was sentenced to death because his subordinates committed crimes he didn't arrange and of which he did not approve. They talked about the old days in Berlin, and Galen declared: "for nothing in the world would I want to have missed those two hours, not even for the red hat."[78]. [3] In 1933, Galen was elected bishop of Münster, although he was not the popular candidate to succeed the previous bishop, Johannes Poggenburg, and was selected only after other candidates had declined to be nominated and despite a protest from the Papal Nuncio Cesare Orsenigo, who reported that Galen was bossy and paternalistic in his public utterances. Clemens August von Galen was born on 16 March 1878 in Dinklage Castle, Oldenburg, Germany, the 11th of 13 children born to Count Ferdinand Heribert and Elisabeth von Spee.. His father belonged to the noble family of Westphalia, who since 1660 governed the village of Dinklage. Following the German surrender in November 1918, Galen, still in Berlin, worked to create soup kitchens, aid societies, and clothing drives to deal with immediate problems of hunger and poverty. Clemens August von Galen behoorde tot een van de oudste adellijke families van Westfalen. Al in 1936 en 1937 steunde hij protestacties tegen het nazi-onderwijsbeleid, onder andere tegen het verwijderen van kruisbeelden uit Duitse scholen. Sein Geburtstag jährte sich 2021 zum 143. 12 Geschwister. Vor allem seine 12 Geschwister nannten ihn so. He was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005. He told his audience that "whoever does not listen to the Church is a heathen and officially is a sinner". He said he had forwarded his evidence to the State Attorney. They are the unchangeable and fundamental truths of our social life... Where in Germany and where, here, is obedience to the precepts of God? [38] He protested against the mistreatment of Catholics in Germany: the arrests and imprisonment without legal process, the suppression of monasteries, and the expulsion of religious orders. Clemens Augustinus Joseph Emmanuel Pius Antonius Hubertus Marie Graf von Galen. … Statuesque in appearance and uncompromising in discussion, this oak-bottomed old aristocrat … is a German nationalist through and through.”, mass killing in the involuntary euthanasia programme of persons with mental or physical defects, relentless persecution of Christians within the Soviet Union after 1918, murder of people with disabilities (viewed by the nazi regime as "invalid" individuals), former German provinces and territories in the east, "The Murder of Unproductive Persons" Clemens von Galen, Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, C.1900 to 1945, Encyclopædia Britannica's Reflections on the Holocaust, Library : The Bishop vs. the Nazis: Bl. Begin 1946 reisde hij naar Rome om er door paus Pius XII tot kardinaal benoemd te worden. He told her how the Pope had quoted long passages from Galen's 1941 sermons from memory and how the Pope thanked him for his courage. [55] Galen feared that German Catholics were being relegated to second-class status in Hitler's Germany and believed Hitler was missing the point that the Catholic Church and the state could be aligned against Bolshevism. It seems that the patterns of non-implementation of child protection, denial and non-action and unwillingness to meet with victims and survivors is indeed universal in the Universal (=Catholic) Church. 1. He had become famous and popular, so after the pope had placed the red hat on his head with the words: 'God bless you, God bless Germany', Saint Peter's Basilica for minutes thundered in a "triumphant applause" for Galen. After his ordination he worked in Berlin at Saint Matthias. We all know that despite its diverse factions, the Catholic Church is a world community, which sticks together when the chips are down. (2009). Op 9 oktober 2005 werd hij door de Portugese kardinaal José Saraiva Martins, de prefect van de Congregatie voor de Zalig- en Heiligverklaringen, in de Sint-Pietersbasiliek in Rome zalig verklaard. The Third Reich at War. Zijn zaligverklaringsproces werd in 1955 in gang gezet en in november 2004 positief afgesloten. [8], Because Prussia did not recognize the Stella Matutina academy, Clemens returned home in 1894 to attend a public school in Vechta and by 1896 both Clemens and Franz had passed the examinations that qualified them to attend a university. [24] In January 1934, he criticized Nazi racial policy in a sermon and, in subsequent homilies, equated unquestioning loyalty to the Reich with "slavery". [27], By late 1935, Galen was urging a joint pastoral letter from the German bishops to protest about an "underground war" against the church. Namensbedeutung: „Clemens“ ist lateinisch und heißt „der Milde/Gütige“. Born into a venerable noble family, von Galen received part of his education in Austria from the Jesuits at the Stella Matutina School in the border town of Feldkirch, on the Austrian border with Switzerland and Liechtenstein. "[13] For the working class, Catholicism and Social Democracy competed for allegiance. One of his teachers was history professor and noted biblical archaeologist Johann Peter Kirsch. [60] In his résumé, Kuropka emphasized the uniqueness of the brochure distribution and the prayer campaign in Galen's diocese of Münster. [59] According to Kuropka, while there was no evidence in church archives for the rabbi's statement made from memory that after the Kristallnacht, by order of Galen, prayers for the Jews were said in all the churches of the Diocese of Münster, Kuropka was able to cite confirmatory evidence from Rhineland Gestapo files. One of them was the future SS General Jürgen Stroop, who later recalled, "Bishop von Galen was a great gentleman, a true aristocrat, a Renaissance prince of the Church. Geboren: 16. … He declared it unacceptable to argue that Jewish authorship of the Old Testament diminished its authority, or that morality and virtue were in any way derived from the perceived usefulness of a particular race. Clemens August von Galen (Dinklage, 16 maart 1878 - Münster, 22 maart 1946) was een Duits kardinaal. [63] During a commemoration in 2012, Jewish Holocaust survivor and witness Hans Kaufmann of Münster reminded of the fact that bishop Clemens August von Galen had offered a helping hand to the town's rabbi Fritz Steinthal after the 1938 Kristallnacht, but deplored that other Jewish victims in Münster did not receive much aid from neighbours the day after.
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