Thanks! My motivation to research these so-called Ethnicity Estimates is purely scholarly. As indeed it seems you got (most of?) Emmanuel Kariuki (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on May 27, 2012: Thanks robie2. The Myth of Gĩkũyũ and Mũmbi, the father and mother of all the Kikuyu is the most reliable of all the legends told by the kikuyu about their origins. Especially the Cushitic, Bantu, Nilotic and West African haplogroups which dominate Kikuyu male genetics. But I am happy to offer an alternative view. What will be the significance of this? However, as I will show here, linguistic and comparative studies between Kikuyu culture and that of 18th Dynasty Egypt tell a different story. I wouldn’t doubt the range of these forest borders were continuously encroached for centuries since Bantu and later Nilotic migrations first arrived in Uganda. Thanks a lot for sharing these results as well! If a commoner marries the Kings daughter, or even a chief in an African village, believe me the man will be a figurehead and his ‘royal wife’ will call the shots. All I have to say is: Good work. It is likely that those left behind by the Choka called themselves something different, hence the many intelligible dialects of Mount Kenya region. It is likely a corruption of Akhenaten or his former city, Akhetaten. I am highly motivated by your comment and will do some more research on the topic. Emmanuel Kariuki (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on August 06, 2014: I prefer to stay with delving into the deconstruction or reconstruction of ancient Kikuyu history. I am aware that ethnicity can be a sensitive topic. However for the breakdown directly above I do have many insightful details which were kindly shared with me by the person who took the test. The alternative name Nyũmba ya Mũmbi translates to House of the Potter or Creator. The priests of Amun were rich and influential, a situation he endeavored to change by decreeing that none should be worshiped but the sun God Aten whose rays were always shown holding the Ankh – symbol of life. Tanga, Gatanga. Hata mimi nasema Karibu sana sana ( I second Emannuel's view and also welcome you to Kenya). These twelve months are listed in the hub: The Kikuyu Language: vocabulary and conversation practice. Cushitic peoples went as far as Southern Tanzania. Keep them coming, written words here will never be lost. the Kamba word "kiwuo" is what in my opinion comes close the original word that was shared with the Kikuyu (when they were one tribe) to mean water. Before that, the Kikuyu had lived in isolation for more than one thousand years, with little interaction with the outside world. Perhaps there shouldn’t be surprise of contrasting Nilotic-Ugandan results, here’s a Ugandan ethnographic map which might be foretelling of the diversity and variations to be found in the results of other future Ugandan participants. These were all in Sub-sahara Africa, where the Pharaohs frequently took a break to hunt elephants for ivory. The main distinction in the African breakdown seems to lie in the 42% “Cameroon/Congo”. Cagngolo (the Akikuyu). During the dance, groups of men entered the inner circle and showed off their dancing skills before returning to their position and giving room to others. For a detailed description of the Kikuyu, the reader is invited to read The Kikuyu Language: vocabulary and conversation practice. 3% Mali See also: As expected these following Ethiopian results are somewhat intermediate in between the Eritrean and Somali results. They seem to have adopted the Egyptian word for it. Very fascinating to see these two Swahili results featured above. These results being reported for nobody less than Lupita when she was a guest on the Finding Your Roots TV show! The predominant score of  75% “Middle East” and the rather subdued “Africa North” amount of 13% are very similar to the Egyptian results further below. However when parts of my work are being copied I do expect that a proper referral to my blog and the additional context it provides will be made. However at times they do publish papers or blog posts on their websites where they reveal some of their average findings based on their customer databases. 11. There were two names however that were generic, meaning that whichever of the nine names a generation carried from the above list, they also had of the two – a sort of surname. And also I am only aware of substantial Nigerian migration into northern Sudan (because of the Hajj to Mecca). Now Jingles is the interesting one. I have 11 Kenyans right now. 14% Cameroon/Congo [A new “Eastern Africa” region was introduced in 2018, see this link for my assessment]. At one time, the consolata fathers had to evacuate to Mbiri station because Bowes who had crowned himself the King of Wakikuyu had embarked on his own punitive missions as a result of which no white man was safe from Kikuyu reprisals. Kenya is a land of great diversity in its people and cultures. Again it is vital to understand that the genetic relationship between the Iberian Peninusula and North Africa is extremely complex and goes far beyond the usual sensationalist Moorish conquest stories. On the other hand the seemingly Cushitic markers of “Middle East” and “Africa North” are very clearly observable for the Tutsi results but not showing up at all for the Burundi sample. Keep up the good work Emmanuel (God with us); we are behind you 100%! This bracketed names were from the Nyeri Kikuyu, an indication that a separation occurred but the ceremonies still took place according a traditional reckoning after every 30 years. You negate every single historical development that could have happened between 3500 years ago to the colonial era. And the Luo are of course a Nilotic people and not a Bantu speaking people. When Somalia degenerated into chaos, they declared independence. FonteFelipe , I apologize for coming on here and asking about things that might already be obvious or that you have already explained, but do you have any idea why Sudanese people sometimes get a little Indian and European dna as well? This produces rather different results that seem to reflect a much more recent timeframe than on AncestryDNA. As mentioned by herself especially the 11% “Middle East” seems very noticeable. atypical to see “Southeastern Bantu” appear as biggest secondary African region. Dundas, Charles, 1968, Kilimanjaro and its People, Frank Cass & co. Ltd, London. Note that a State House is called ‘Thingira wa Iregi’ – house of the rebels in the Kikuyu language. You would also have to explain why a nilotic group with experience of Egypt would abandon its language and culture and adopt that of a bantu group. Undoubtedly this region will correlate strongly with genuine Arab or rather West Asian origins. Which is very insightful given that she is Luo. Given known Berber self-identification. Of course this doesn’t signal any recent origins from those countries per se as it’s first of all a genetic affinity. Now after having done my DNA, the joke is on me. 7. "The DNA sequence of any two individuals is 99.6 percent identical, regardless of which parts of the world their ancestors come from. This is merely speculation on my part though as my survey is still very limited in number and recombination can often be quirky! Wambura Njoroge from Kampala, Uganda on March 10, 2015: Hello Kariuki, this is a very interesting article. This generation in flight gave birth to Choka, which means ‘return’ in Kikuyu. The combination of about 70-75% socalled “Southeastern Bantu” with about 15-20% West Asia and Africa North and 5-10% West African trace regions being quite consistent. As mentioned by herself especially the 11% “Middle East” seems very noticeable. Kikuyu proper has three main divisions. Mũirungu therefore means “the one who is under.” Mũirungu was later pronounced as Mũrungu and came to mean God, which was the custom of ancient Egypt to deify a departed leader.. According to traditions, the Ethaga clan of the Kikuyu either came from or represents the Chagga. I am astonished and delighted and must say I not only enjoyed your hub on this topic, but also the really meaty dialogue in the comments. The Kikuyu's god is named "Murungu" or (more frequently) "Ngai", a loan-word from Masai. It is debatable whether the Chuka ethnic group of Mount Kenya region derive their name from the verb Choka - this occasion of returning. Aldred, C., 1968 Akhnenaten Thames & Hudson London. This breakdown is mostly in line with the other Kikuyu  results in my survey. A more plausible explanation to me seems that possibly a very ancient (Proto?) However for (northern) Sudan in fact more recent ancestral connection with West Africa might also be valid due to the Hadj route to Mecca passing through Sudan. An inevitable outcome of DNA testing not being a 100% perfect science but rather providing estimates on a best-effort basis. “Nigeria”, “Southeastern Bantu” also showing up prominently aside from “Senegal”. The wife bore only girls, nine in all. I hope to write more on the subject soon. This happened also with the Maasai, who at times fought among themselves. Ellison T, R., (2006), Tree Goddesses http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/treegoddess.htm, accessed April 2006. Christina M. Castro from Baltimore,MD USA on May 25, 2012: This hub is quite an introduction to me to a new way of studying the African culture. This explains the variety of dialects, including Meru, now a distinct language. The plague that followed white settlers and Railway working coolies is estimated to have decimated 25% of the Kikuyu in some areas and more that 50% in others. However being aware of genetic overlap, imperfect algorithms and known bugs I have concluded that usually these trivial scores can safely be disregarded. There actually is another result showing an equal amount (which is relatively quite big too! It should be pointed out though that Egyptians as a whole as well as the Copts themselves will display much more variation! Mwimbi, Tharaka, and the Kamba of Kenya), International Africa Institute, London. Due to slave trade routes as well as regular migrations across the Indian Ocean or the Red Sea they in fact do have meaningful and substantial ancestral connections with East Africa. As for the Tutsi, they no doubt came from Egypt. The use of the word Choka - ‘return,’ implies that the Kikuyu had arrived at ancestral lands, from where they had been uprooted in the first place. And other ancestral scenario’s might also be valid. Middle-east 14% Especially the ones from the island of Djerba. Unless guided by wishful thinking or delusional ideology it is advisable to be very mindful of “false positives”. I have also speculated that certain Ethiopian people, most likely the Baci are in the mix. But also very nice to see how recombination worked out. Emmanuel Kariuki (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on April 23, 2012: Thanks for joining this debate. The Kikuyu part of another, while Moses was fortunate to have his enshrined in the Bible. On this page I will be posting the AncestryDNA results for North and East Africans with confirmed ethnic background(s). We shall never know for instance, what the initiation at departure of Egypt or at arrival in Kikuyu land was. The other name for this generation, Manduti has been translated as ‘evil doers.’ In ancient Egypt, iron working was associated with Set, a god of evil. 100% “Southeastern Bantu” Tanzanian also takes a 23andme test, featuring a prominent “Cameroon/Congo” score, located in western Tanzania, directly bordering Ruanda and Burundi, (distantly) connected to the Khoi-San people from Southern Africa. My results: 42% South eastern bantu A sycamore tree is called Mũkũyũ in Kikuyu. The collective associated with 'kikuyuness' in antecedant times did not go beyond bonds of kinship and geographical proximity. Emmanuel Kariuki (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on August 06, 2017: Thanks Samwel Ndarwa. I am not aware of any major genetic study done about the Kenyan or Tanzanian Swahili. I hope my methods show that there is more to a people's history than at first meets the eye. Her Russian side is described very accurately by AncestryDNA. The Algerian results shown below are generally speaking quite similar to the Moroccan results shown above. 14. The Maasai, for example, tend to be about ~50% Cushitic, the Datog even exceed that percentage while various other populations such as the Kikuyu in Kenya and countless other Bantu speaking groups in Southeast Africa also have Cushitic admixture all owed to a South Cushitic … These results confirm those you have posted above. ), see below. This will be clear when the reader has gone through the entire text. The Hebsed was likely to have been celebrated when Akhenaten was co- regent with his father, Amenhotep III. Which also may explain the phenotypical similarity at times noted between Horners and Kikuyu individuals. Same with Rendille’s lol. And as already mentioned AncestryDNA’s Reference Panel may be assumed to be rather inadequate to describe the full range of complex genetic variety found in Northeast Africa. I have spotted many surnames on social media, all from Rwanda and which sound a lot like mine”. East African 23andme results (after 2018/2019 update), The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans (Tishkoff et al.,2009), Insightful discussion with knowledgeable Ugandan, South Cushitic Admixture in Southeast Africa, Migration of Chadic speaking pastoralists within Africa based on population structure of Chad Basin and phylogeography of mitochondrial L3f haplogroup, Comments on this person’s ethnic background, The Comoros Show the Earliest Austronesian Gene Flow into the Swahili Corridor, Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean, Tutsi probably differ genetically from the Hutu, Tutsis Are Genetically Very Similar To Masai, Rwandan 23andme results (n=4) prior to 2018/2019 update, Tutsi 23andme updated results (n=6) compared with 1 Hutu and various East African results, Horn Africans: A mixture between East Africans & West Eurasians. It's Okay to differ, though I would have liked to know what you have qualms about. Hatshepsut who was also called Makare, celebrated a Hebsed (the equivalent of an Ituĩka) as recorded on an obelisk. The ‘Hebsed’ and the ‘Ituika,’ are two such customs. For more details see also: The 9% socalled “Hunter-Gatherer” score is equally noteworthy. At times even as primary region which clearly does not make sense when Ancestry also introduced a new “Eastern Africa” region! This is evident in the greatly varied complexion and physique between Abagusii from different subregions of Gusii. However intriguingly Asian and Pacific trace amounts are appearing and rather pronounced, even if still minor. Especially in regards to the increased level of “Cameroon/Congo”. socalled “Southeastern Bantu” region is a misnomer for Northeast Africans. Egyptologists suggest that the Egyptian Hebsed started soon after 3100 BC when King Menes unified Egypt. In the very last section of this page I will briefly discuss the implications these results might have for Afro-Diasporans. To Mwaura, Kikuyu is indeed a Bantu language, which is closely related to Meru, Embu, Kamba, Gusii, Kuria and Maragoli. It will be very interesting indeed to see your father’s results! northwestern Tanzanian locations, nearby Lake Victoria. It is well known that many of the Pharaohs of Egypt and their subjects were black people. Thanks for writing. Basically their DNA shows up as practically 100% genetically most similar to the samples being used to underpin the socalled “Southeastern Bantu” region. http://anthromadness.blogspot.com/2015/05/south-cushitic-admixture-in-southeast.html. While also a person from Burundi (most likely Hutu) and another Tanzanian scored in a similar range (38%). Very useful to see these three Sudanese results. 8% “Senegal” but also the 4% “South Central Hunter-Gatherers” is very fascinating. Since each ceremony commemorated an event, the separated groups had, as is expected, differing experiences and events to name after the ceremonies. For instance, in English they say 'take' meaning same as in Kikuyu 'take.' Akhenaten took flight at about 1334 BC. All early writers give the impression that the Kikuyu were conscious of their ‘Kikuyuness,’ to use your term. Keep them coming, it's so good to understand our roots. This is only a drop in the ocean. The Meru who had a confederacy with the Kikuyu say. On average they show a comparable level of “Southeastern Bantu” and “Middle East” as my Ethiopian survey group. This ancestral component possibly is derived from one of the most ancient socalled admixture events in Northeast Africa. I am reading that they originally migrated from further south in Tanzania? Kariuki, do you mind searching the origin of the word "maai" (means water in Kikuyu)? Egyptologists for instance, do not want to be burdened with the stories of some tribes in sub-Sahara Africa who claim to have come from Misri. Hello Kariuki...this was amazing and wonderful work especially for me as a youth from this generation who know very little about the true Kenyan history...please clarify this for me..arkhenaten together with some of his relatives/people escaped with the kikuyu people to around Mt kenya to live with the rest of kikuyu people in their original ancestral home and was buried there?? However because of language replacement, cultural assimilation and ethnic inter-marriage across the generations there might still also be some significant Nilo-Saharan component involved. Eventhough “Nigeria” stands out with about half of the total African amount (37/73=50%), also “Southeastern Bantu” and “Senegal” (to be combined with “Mali”) are very much present. In contrast the Sudanese Arab does not seem to score any “Nigeria” with the mislabeled “Southeastern Bantu” being predominant on her African side as well as some secondary “Africa North”. I read many papers that I also do not agree with. I would like to have a record of the route that my ancestors took, just as you have done. Pharaonic skirt compared with ceremonial attire of a Kikuyu woman. I beg to differ on so many issues on this article. However, I believe strongly that there are rock cut tombs on Mt kenya which have not yet been discovered. But also noteworthy to see quite elevated scores for “Nigeria” and “Senegal”. The other Highland Bantus in East Africa are the Meru (Tanzanian), Segeju, Sonjo, Ikoma, Chagga, Gweno, Shashi, Zanaki and Nguruimi of Tanzania. I have admittedly only very limited knowledge about the ethnogenesis of these people. In regards to the socalled “Middle East” as well as “Africa North” scores being reported for Northeast Africans, generally speaking this is to be traced back thousands of years rather than hundreds years ago! It is likely that it was a much older tradition, taken into Egypt from the south where King Menes had come from. Also noteworthy that sofar several Kenyans did too receive both “Africa North” and “Middle East” scores. In addition there’s also a second ancestral scenario which involves Sahelian populations, and in particular the Fula, who also carry socalled North African genes in minor proportion. The European scores may likewise be hailing from both recent and much more ancient even prehistorical lineages. For example the Iraqw are classified as «Bantus» yet they score E1b1b moresaw than Kikuyu’s due to Iraqw being of South Cushitic descend. This term – Sub-Sahara – is designed to create a huge divide between the supposedly ‘civilized North’ and the ‘dark South.’ We can choose to go with the west’s definitions or redefine ourselves, based on the ‘truths’ embeded in our languages and customs such as the ‘Ituika’ described above or information that has been passed down to us in forklore and myths. Still very nice to already see these various components clearly reflected. 500 people by year 1600 would suggest the Kikuyu were just a clan of another tribe. If again the Olive tree is called a Mutamaiyo in Kikuyu, and we discover that Akhenaten’s Grandmother was called Mutemwiya, what stops me from drawing the conclusion that ‘Mutemwiya’ was an honorary title probably meaning ‘the Great Olive?” I am quite sure that others can make inferences from my writing that I have not yet observed, and that is my objective. However by closely studying the regional combinations being reported for North and East Africans we can still learn a great deal. “The Kisii ended up in a geographical location unique among Bantu speaking groups in that they were surrounded on all sides by initially, and later sporadically hostile Nilotic communities of the Luo, Kipsigis, Nandi, and Maasai.”, “There’s strong evidence, however, that periods of peace with neighbouring communities must have led to intermarriages and consequent consanguinity. who will show close genetic similarity with the previous Somali results. Akhenaten's City of Akhetaten was a cosmopolitan place just like Nairobi is today. Both ethnic groups being located in western Tanzania, directly bordering Ruanda and Burundi. As will be apparent here, it is also the root of the name Mwangi and the Egyptian name Tutankhmen. Whether these people changed their tribe name or not, the people, their culture and their language remained more less the same for thousands of years. We definitely have Kikuyu who look Somali, Ethiopian and even like half casts of whites and blacks yet no one doubts they are Kikuyu. Roberta Kyle from Central New Jersey on May 27, 2012: I've always been fascinated by Ancient Egypt, particularly the XVIIIth dynasty, Akenaten and the whole Amarna thing, so of course I find this hub absolutely fascinating. Lastly,expound on thestatement that kikuyus are a mixture of races? Thank you very much, and keep up the good work! (8) Chororo (Murigaru) – I have been unable to decipher the meaning of these two words. The word Gichukya is derived from the verb – choka (return). Emmanuel Kariuki (author) from Nairobi, Kenya on June 17, 2017: Karen Kiki Meria - thanks for appreciating my work. Unless you have additional clues and corroborating evidence it will usually not be worth your time to investigate any further. We now know more about the process that may have led to this situation due to ancient DNA. Thothmes III (sometimes spelled as Tahutmes, or Thutmosis) was a pharaoh in the 18th Dynasty. The individual results behind these group averages can be viewed via this link: I like to thank all these North and East Africans for having tested on AncestryDNA and sharing their results online so that it may benefit other people as well! But see also these video results of a confirmed Sudanese Arab. Waoo.Keep up the good research.It's an eye opener.It has answered a lot.Now i understand "us" . I have no confirmation however if this person’s Jewish side is indeed Moroccan as well. Aside from some very ancient signal (yet to be determined), i suppose at this increased level it could also possibly be traced back to a modernday connection with the Fula. However actually it could also (partially and in addition) be traced back to the Phoenicians from Lebanon. Angola, would be much more significant as a potential place of origin than Southeast Africa for practically all parts of the Americas.
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