Look at your hand—there are about a trillion neutrinos from the Sun passing through it every second. On average, out of that massive flood, only one neutrino will "hit" an atom in your body every few years. I found the starlings-collapsing-into-a-star example interesting. It markets itself as answering absurd hypothetical question in a serious scientific way and it really does, the science seems sound and the questions are, as promised, ridiculous. Millions of people visit xkcd.com each week to read Randall Munroe’s iconic webcomic. Potential Service Life of ChaCha20? If you shot a bullet with the mass of a neutron star at the ground what would happen? I eventually left NASA to draw comics full-time, but my interest in … In particular, there was a question about what would happen if you tried to touch a small object — a bullet — that was as dense as a neutron star. [5]Karam, P. Andrew. To detect neutrinos, people build giant tanks filled with hundreds of tons of material in the hopes that they'll register the impact of a single solar neutrino. A fatal radiation dose is about 4 sieverts. Look at your hand—there are about a trillion neutrinos from the Sun passing through it every second. Please enable your ad blockers, disable high-heat drying, and remove your device provide that scenario. If you observed a supernova from 1 AU away—and you somehow avoided being being incinerated, vaporized, and converted to some type of exotic plasma—even the flood of ghostly neutrinos would be dense enough to kill you. Gravity on a neutron star is a couple of billion times stronger than gravity on Earth. Come to … The phrase "lethal dose of neutrino radiation" is a weird one. A fatal radiation dose is about 4 sieverts. [7] xkcd.com/radiation. It explains that during certain supernovae, the collapse of a stellar core into a neutron star, 1057 neutrinos can be released (one for every proton in the star that collapses to become a neutron). Core collapse supernovae happen to giant stars, so if you observed a supernova from that distance, you'd probably be inside the outer layers of the star that created it. I had to turn it over in my head a few times after I heard it. What If? It explains that during certain supernovae, the collapse of a stellar core into a neutron star, 1057 neutrinos can be released (one for every proton in the star that collapses to become a neutron). Karam calculates that the neutrino radiation dose at a distance of one parsec [6] 3.262 light-years, or a little less than the distance from here to Alpha Centauri. What if you tried to hit a … Neutron stars cram roughly 1.3 to 2.5 solar masses into a city-sized sphere perhaps 20 kilometers (12 miles) across. \[ x=0.00001118\text{ parsecs}=2.3\text{ AU} \] 2.3 AU is a little more than the distance between the Sun and Mars. $\endgroup$ – DarkDust Jun 27 '17 at 7:45. This means you're free to copy and share these comics (but not to sell them). Some of the questions in the book took longer. This means that when a particle accelerator (which produces neutrinos) wants to send a neutrino beam to a detector somewhere else in the world, all it has to do is point the beam at the detector—even if it's on the other side of the Earth! Randall Munroe is the author of the xkcd webcomic and an ex-NASA roboticist. Neutron stars are the extremely dense remnants of very massive stars. This means that when a particle accelerator (which produces neutrinos) wants to send a neutrino beam to a detector somewhere else in the world, all it has to do is point the beam at the detector—even if it's on the other side of the Earth! And indeed, it is ... by nine orders of magnitude. The power from the supernova that birthed it gives the star an extremely quick rotation, causing it to spin several times in a second. A neutron star’s gravity is not as strong as a black hole’s, but it’s close. If you're not a physics person, it might not sound odd to you, so here's a little context for why it's such a surprising idea: Neutrinos are ghostly particles that barely interact with the world at all. A star made of starlings would be very deficient in hydrogen, and it would contain practically no helium whatsoever. [1]Less often if you're a child, since you have fewer atoms to be hit. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 License. [2]Which would still be less than 1% of the ants in the world. \[ 0.5\text{ nanosieverts} \times\left ( \frac{1\text{ parsec}}{x}\right )^2 = 5\text{ sieverts} \] Are fire tornadoes possible?His responses are masterpieces of clarity and wit, gleefully and accurately explaining everything from the relativistic effects of a baseball pitched at near the speed of light to the many horrible ways you could die while building a periodic table out of all the actual elements.The book features new and never-before-answered questions, along with the most popular answers from the xkcd website.What If? One sugar cube of neutron star matter would weigh about 1 hundred million tons on the Earth. Wouldn't the binding energy of, say, a neutron star be greater than that of this imaginary doomsday moon? Less often if you're a child, since you have fewer atoms to be hit. An interesting, quick and fun read by xkcd author Monroe that attempts to seriously answer some really odd questions. It is likely that the maximum neutron-star mass is determined by the stiffness of the EOS, and is expected to be about.5 solar masses. The sun doesn't have a companion star though. I had to turn it over in my head a few times after I heard it. Gamma And Neutrino Radiation Dose From Gamma Ray Bursts And Nearby Supernovae. "Supernovii" is discouraged. would be around half a nanosievert, or 1/500th the dose from eating a banana.[7]xkcd.com/radiation. To detect neutrinos, people build giant tanks filled with hundreds of tons of material in the hopes that they'll register the impact of a single solar neutrino. Updated erratically, he answers off-the-wall reader questions using math, science, and xkcd-style cartoons. "Supernovii" is discouraged. serving as a sort of Dear Abby for mad scientists—I draw xkcd, a stick-figure webcomic. And indeed, it is ... by nine orders of magnitude. It is strong enough to bend radiation (gravity lensing); astronomers can see behind them! If you have a math background, it's sort of like seeing the expression "ln(x)e"—it's not that, taken literally, it doesn't make sense, but it's hard to imagine a situation where it would apply. Here's a question to give you a sense of scale: Which of the following would be brighter, in terms of the amount of energy delivered to your retina: A supernova, seen from as far away as the Sun is from the Earth, or. But before it gets that far ... t = 300 years: Look up neutron star. is an informative feast for xkcd … His short online comic strips, created in a simple stickman style and injected with plenty of wit, have become incredibly popular, particularly among scientists and mathematicians. ... star-trek xkcd. A paper by radiation expert Andrew Karam provides an answer. /r/xkcd is the subreddit for the popular webcomic xkcd by Randall Munroe. - called a type 1 (or 1a) supernova. In fact, neutrinos are so shadowy that the entire Earth is transparent to them; nearly all of the Sun's neutrino flood goes straight through it unaffected. [3]If you want to be mean to first-year calculus students, you can ask them to take the derivative of ln(x)e dx. [2]Which would still be less than 1% of the ants in the world. It looks like it should be "1" or something, but it's not. [1]Less often if you're a child, since you have fewer atoms to be hit. However, if the star is larger than 8 solar masses, its different. [7] xkcd.com/radiation. would be around half a nanosievert, or 1/500th the dose from eating a banana. It comes from the creator of XKCD, a humorous science focused comic (there are some sketches below). If it's going fast enough, a feather can absolutely knock you over. He's also published a … Except for black holes, and some hypothetical objects (e.g. white holes, quark stars, and strange stars), neutron stars are the smallest and densest currently known class of stellar objects. 4 (2002): 491-499. If you observed a supernova from 1 AU away—and you somehow avoided being being incinerated, vaporized, and converted to some type of exotic plasma—even the flood of ghostly neutrinos would be dense enough to kill you. Light can escape a neutron star, but not much else can. [5]Karam, P. Andrew. Statistically, my first neutrino interaction probably happened somewhere around age 10. The detonation of a hydrogen bomb pressed against your eyeball? The idea of neutrino radiation damage reinforces just how big supernovae are. Less often if you're a child, since you have fewer atoms to be hit. During the formation of a neutron star, usually in the form of an initial inward implosion, the neutron degeneracy (basically the impossibility of neutron of occupying the same space because of fundamental constraints in physics that are studied by quantum mechanics) stops the implosion and redirects the shockwave outwards, thus producing a Supernova explosion. 3.262 light-years, or a little less than the distance from here to Alpha Centauri. Supernovae[4]"Supernovas" is also fine. $\endgroup$ – RoyC Jun 26 at 10:16 $\begingroup$ I looked stuff up on XKCD too and mass of proton (which is equal to a neutron, also looked up neutron star) so my object is going to be very heavy, DENSE! Core collapse supernovae happen to giant stars, so if you observed a supernova from that distance, you'd probably be inside the outer layers of the star that created it. would be around half a nanosievert, or 1/500th the dose from eating a banana.[7]xkcd.com/radiation. At some point, our growing Earth would reach the point where adding more mass causes it to contract, rather than expand. 4 (2002): 491-499. If you … To put this in perspective, A cubic meter of neutron star would be completely fine in the face of a nuclear bomb, even at ground zero, due to the incredible gravitational binding energy holding it together. Statistically, my first neutrino interaction probably happened somewhere around age 10. I've always wondered what would happen if two neutron stars or two black holes got too close together and created a gravity neutral zone. It's like the idiom "knock me over with a feather" or the phrase "football stadium filled to the brim with ants". Is there any way to fire a gun so that the bullet flies through the air and can then be safely caught by hand? Using the inverse-square law, we can calculate the radiation dose: However, it could spew out increasingly intense radiation for 96 years . e.g. Consequently, the binding energy required for an electrically bound system is also much, much greater than the binding energy required for a gravitationally bound … That's why this is a neat question; supernovae are unimaginably huge and neutrinos are unimaginably insubstantial. Randall has a Twitter feed, @whatifnumbers, of numbers he comes up with while writing the blog. At what point do these two unimaginable things cancel out to produce an effect on a human scale? His stick-figure drawings about science, technology, language, and love have a large and passionate following. Which would still be less than 1% of the ants in the world. is a blog by Randall Munroe, the creator of the Stick-Figure Comic xkcd. After this point, it would collapse into something like a sputtering white dwarf or neutron star, and then—if its mass kept increasing—eventually become a black hole.
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